The Use of Dry Strength Additives to Improve Curling Resistance in a Sheet of Paper

The purpose of the following report was to look at the possibility of using dry strength resins to help reduce curling tendencies in a sheet of paper. The use of dry strength additives greatly increased the strength characteristics of a sheet of paper. The increase was so great it allowed: substituting softwood fibers with hardwood fibers and/or using a higher freeness and still retain the same strength characteristics. The results of these changes would give a sheet of paper reduced curling tendencies. The changes could also result in power reductions, material savings, and/or improved formation for producing the sheet of paper

Trailing edge noise data with comparison to theory

The noise emission generated by the passage of a turbulent airstream over the trailing edge of a semi-infinite plate was measured over a large range of airstream velocity and plate geometry. The experiment was designed to validate trailing edge noise theories. The results show that the peak of the radiation pattern moves from an upstream to a downstream direction as the velocity increases. The measured radiation pattern of the noise was in excellent agreement with that predicted by the recent theory of Goldstein. As predicted, the pattern shape was independent of the nature of the turbulence producing the noise

Preliminary study of the effect of the turbulent flow field around complex surfaces on their acoustic characteristics

Fundamental theories for noise generated by flow over surfaces exist for only a few simple configurations. The role of turbulence in noise generation by complex surfaces should be essentially the same as for simple configurations. Examination of simple-surface theories indicates that the spatial distributions of the mean velocity and turbulence properties are sufficient to define the noise emission. Measurements of these flow properties were made for a number of simple and complex surfaces. The configurations were selected because of their acoustic characteristics are quite different. The spatial distribution of the turbulent flow properties around the complex surfaces and approximate theory are used to locate and describe the noise sources, and to qualitatively explain the varied acoustic characteristics

Silicon halide-alkali metal flames as a source of solar grade silicon

The feasibility of using alkali metal-silicon halide diffusion flames to produce solar-grade silicon in large quantities and at low cost is demonstrated. Prior work shows that these flames are stable and that relatively high purity silicon can be produced using Na + SiCl4 flames. Silicon of similar purity is obtained from Na + SiF4 flames although yields are lower and product separation and collection are less thermochemically favored. Continuous separation of silicon from the byproduct alkali salt was demonstrated in a heated graphite reactor. The process was scaled up to reduce heat losses and to produce larger samples of silicon. Reagent delivery systems, scaled by a factor of 25, were built and operated at a production rate of 0.5 kg Si/h. Very rapid reactor heating rates are observed with wall temperatures reaching greater than 2000 K. Heat release parameters were measured using a cooled stainless steel reactor tube. A new reactor was designed

Turbulence spectra in the noise source regions of the flow around complex surfaces

The complex turbulent flow around three complex surfaces was measured in detail with a hot wire. The measured data include extensive spatial surveys of the mean velocity and turbulence intensity and measurements of the turbulence spectra and scale length at many locations. The publication of the turbulence data is completed by reporting a summary of the turbulence spectra that were measured within the noise source locations of the flow. The results suggest some useful simplifications in modeling the very complex turbulent flow around complex surfaces for aeroacoustic predictive models. The turbulence spectra also show that noise data from scale models of moderate size can be accurately scaled up to full size

Flap noise and aerodynamic results for model QCSEE over-the-wing configurations

Noise spectra in three dimensions and aerodynamic data were measured for a model of the NASA quiet clean short-haul experimental engine (QCSEE) over-the-wing configuration. The effects of flap length, nozzle exhaust velocity, and nozzle geometry were determined using a single nozzle and wing-flap segment. The scaled-up model data is representative of full scale flap noise with the QCSEE engine

Experimental comparison of icing cloud instruments

Icing cloud instruments were tested in the spray cloud Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) in order to determine their relative accuracy and their limitations over a broad range of conditions. It was found that the average of the readings from each of the liquid water content (LWC) instruments tested agreed closely with each other and with the IRT calibration; but all have a data scatter (+ or - one standard deviation) of about + or - 20 percent. The effect of this + or - 20 percent uncertainty is probably acceptable in aero-penalty and deicer experiments. Existing laser spectrometers proved to be too inaccurate for LWC measurements. The error due to water runoff was the same for all ice accretion LWC instruments. Any given laser spectrometer proved to be highly repeatable in its indications of volume median drop size (DVM), LWC and drop size distribution. However, there was a significant disagreement between different spectrometers of the same model, even after careful standard calibration and data analysis. The scatter about the mean of the DVM data from five Axial Scattering Spectrometer Probes was + or - 20 percent (+ or - one standard deviation) and the average was 20 percent higher than the old IRT calibration. The + or - 20 percent uncertainty in DVM can cause an unacceptable variation in the drag coefficient of an airfoil with ice; however, the variation in a deicer performance test may be acceptable

Tripartite entanglement from interlinked χ(2)\chi^{(2)} parametric interactions

We examine the tripartite entanglement properties of an optical system using interlinked $\chi^{(2)}$ interactions, recently studied experimentally in terms of its phase-matching properties by Bondani et al [M. Bondani, A. Allevi, E. Gevinti, A. Agliati, and A. Andreoni, arXiv:quant-ph/0604002.]. We show that the system does produce output modes which are genuinely tripartite entangled and that detection of this entanglement depends crucially on the correlation functions which are measured, with a three-mode Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen inequality being the most sensitive.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

Really Cool Stars and the Star Formation History at the Galactic Center

We present R=550 to 1200 near infrared H and K spectra for a magnitude limited sample of 79 asymptotic giant branch and cool supergiant stars in the central ~ 5 pc (diameter) of the Galaxy. We use a set of similar spectra obtained for solar neighborhood stars with known Teff and Mbol that is in the same range as the Galactic center (GC) sample to derive Teff and Mbol for the GC sample. We then construct the Hertzsprung--Russell (HRD) diagram for the GC sample. Using an automated maximum likelihood routine, we derive a coarse star formation history of the GC. We find (1) roughly 75% of the stars formed in the central few pc are older than 5 Gyr; (2) the star formation rate (SFR) is variable over time, with a roughly 4 times higher star formation rate in the last 100 Myr compared to the average SFR; (3) our model can only match dynamical limits on the total mass of stars formed by limiting the IMF to masses above 0.7 M$_\odot$. This could be a signature of mass segregation or of the bias toward massive star formation from the unique star formation conditions in the GC; (4) blue supergiants account for 12 % of the total sample observed, and the ratio of red to blue supergiants is roughly 1.5; (5) models with isochrones with [Fe/H] = 0.0 over all ages fit the stars in our HRD better than models with lower [Fe/H] in the oldest age bins, consistent with the finding of Ramirez et al. (2000) that stars with ages between 10 Myr and 1 Gyr have solar [Fe/H].Comment: ApJ, accepted. Latex, 65 pages including 19 figure

Travelling waves in wound healing

We illustrate the role of travelling waves in wound healing by considering three different cases. Firstly, we review a model for surface wound healing in the cornea and focus on the speed of healing as a function of the application of growth factors. Secondly, we present a model for scar tissue formation in deep wounds and focus on the role of key chemicals in determining the quality of healing. Thirdly, we propose a model for excessive healing disorders and investigate how abnormal healing may be controlled